Physical condition.

1. What is the FNP? Explain all its phases and give an example for the quadriceps and another for hamstrings.
The propioceptive neuromuscular facilitation is a method to improve your flexibility in a short period of time. It is  the most efficient and quick method to improve flexibility. At first it was a therapeutic and reabilitator method but then it integrates in the physical activity.
Phases:
1-: First we strech the muscle around 20 seconds.
2-: Then 8 seconds of isometrical contraction.
3-: Now 3-5 second of relax.
4-: And now another 20 seconds of streching.

QUADRICEPS
You have to stay in the wall and your partner takes up your leg around 20 seconds. Your partner has to put his arm on your hip to fix it. After 20 seconds you do contraction trying to go down with your leg 8 seconds but your partner won't allow you. After this you will relax 3-5 seconds and then your partner will strech you again another 20 seconds.

HAMSTRINGS
You sit down with your feet in the wall. Your partner will put his hands on your shoulders. You will try to touch your feet around 20 seconds. Then you will do isometrical contraction trying to go back. Then you will rest 3-5 seconds and your partner will strech you another 20 seconds.


2. Explain the General Syndrome of adaptation and all its phases. Give an example.
GAS is a thrre-stage response that the body has to stress. Hans Selye a Vienna born working in the past century, was the first person to describe GAS. Selye found that rats displayed a similar set of physical responsens to several different stressors.
The scienstist explained gas as the body's way of adapting to a perceived to better equip it to survive
Phases.

1-: Alarm reaction: At the alarm reaction stage, a disstress signal is sent to a part of the brain called hypothalamus. The hypotalamus enables the release of hormones called glucocorticoids.
Glucocorticoids trigger the release of adrenaline and cortisol, which is a stress hormone. The adrenaline gives a person a boost of energy. Their heart rate increases and their blood pressure rises. Meanwhile, blood sugar levels also go up.

2-: Resistance: During the resistance stage, the body tries to counteract the physiological changes that happened during the alarm reaction stage. The resistance stage is governed by a part of the ANS called the parasympathetic.
The parasympathetic branch of the ANS tries to return the body to normal by reducing the amount of cortisol produced. The heart rate and blood pressure begin to return to normal.

3-: Exhaustion stage: After an extended period of stress, the body goes into the final stage of GAS, known as the exhaustion stage. At this stage, the body has depleted its energy resources by
continually trying but failling to recover from the initial alarm reaction stage.
Once it reaches the exhaustion stage, a person's body is no longer equiped to fight stress.

Examples:
A relationship breakdowns.
Losing a job.
Medical problems.

3. Explain the Threshold Law by Arnold Schult. Illustrate with an example.
The intensity of training is decisive in the results of this. This, accoirding to the Law of the Ural or of Schultz-Arnodt, the training stimulus must overcome a threshold of intensity to be able to trigger an adaptation response that is, to serve as something.
1. Stimulus below the threshold: They don't have effects or require any recovery. For example, if in try to do weights lifting a ballon.
2. Effects above the threshold:
Of medium intensity: they have a function of maintenance of the functional level in short periods of time.
Optimal: they develop the functioanl level, that is, they train and they are the most typical of the athletes.
Exceedingly strong: they cause functional damage and can lead to overtraining and injuries.

The optimum threshold to work the force is 30-40% of our maximun possibilities. In resistance: at least we must work between 50-60% of the maximun cardiovascular possibilities. In speed: the stimuli have to be maximum, with what is reached 90-100%.


4. What is the training load and what are its components? Explain them and give an example of each component.
Is the amount of work done by and individual body called as load. Load is the psychological and physiological demand put on the organism through motor stimuli resulting in improvement and maintenance if higher permormance capacity.
There are two types of load: External and internal load.
Components:
Volume: In couple of words, training volume is the amount of work done. For example if I do exercise for 30 minutes the volume is 30 minutes.
Intensity: Is how hard you train. If I traing at 100% the intensity is 100%
Frequency: Is how often you perform certain exercise. For example you can practise an exercise 3 or 4 times a week.
Density: The relation between work and pause of each load. An example is reduce fatigue through complete breaks.

5. Explain the principles of training according to the classification of Oliver (1985) and Zintl (1991)
Training principles are defined as the general rules that are applied in any type of sports training, or that happened by applying an stress to the human body.

Oliver establishes the following categories to classify the different principles:
- Principles related to the stimulation of physical conditioning.
This says that the traininig stimulus must overcome a certain threshold of intensity to be able to initiate an adaptive reaction, to have an effect in the training.

- Principles related to the systems to which said stimulus is directed.
A stimulus is any change that is capable of producing a response from the organism. The receptors are very specialiszed structures capable of perceiving the stimuli and converting them into nervous impulses. There are two groups. Internal and external.

- Principles related to the response to said stimulus.
The stimuli respond to reactions of the environment or their own, and are subject to the nature of the action that precede it becoming a situational chain in which the process is repeated, being: A stimulus that precedes a perception and this causes an action, where the cycle returns and repeats itself because the action is the stimulus that precedes another perception that originates another action.

Zintl encompasses its proposed principles in three groups:
- Those who initiate the adaptation.
The adaptation to physical effort in the development of basic physical abilities. Following the definition of Alvarez del villar, the adaptation is the ability of living beings to maintain a constant balance of their functions before the stimuli that affect them.

- Those that guarantee adaptation.
In a complete macrocycle, we will have mesocycles or microcycles in which we need to perform very strong stimuli, but we must know how to control stages and guide our training correctly bases on our objetives. I repeat we can't always train heavy, since, our central nervous system would not support it, and our muscles either.

- Those who exercise a specific control of adaptation.
Those who exercise specific control over adaptation. In order to make adaptation processes specific for each person, it is necessary to follow some principles, for example the individualization. Training loads should be specifically oriented towards the personal and individual person: ( age, sex, motor skills)